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<title>Tunnel problem</title>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving cars</a> and self-driving vehicles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddeeff;">

Enablers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Assured_clear_distance_ahead" title="Assured clear distance ahead">Assured clear distance ahead</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_racing" title="Autonomous racing">Autonomous racing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_datasets_for_autonomous_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of datasets for autonomous vehicles">Datasets</a></li>

<li><a href="Lane_centering" title="Lane centering">Lane centering</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedestrian_crash_avoidance_mitigation" title="Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation">Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicle_infrastructure_integration" title="Vehicle infrastructure integration">Vehicle infrastructure integration</a></li></ul>

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Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_parking" title="Automatic parking">Automatic parking</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_self-driving_cars" title="History of self-driving cars">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_of_self-driving_cars" title="Impact of self-driving cars">Impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Platoon_(automobile)" title="Platoon (automobile)">Platoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_of_self-driving_cars" title="Regulation of self-driving cars">Regulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Self-driving_car_liability" title="Self-driving car liability">Liability</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-driving_truck" title="Self-driving truck">Self-driving truck</a></li>

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Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">Automatic train operation</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_surface_vehicle" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">Unmanned surface vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">Vehicular automation</a></li></ul>

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<p>The <b>tunnel problem</b> is a <a href="Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> <a href="Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> first introduced by Jason Millar in 2014. It is a variation on the classic <a href="Trolley_problem" title="Trolley problem">trolley problem</a> designed to focus on the <a href="Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> of <a href="Autonomous_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a>, as well as the question of who gets to decide how they react in life-and-death scenarios.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_formulation">Original formulation</h2></div>

<p>The tunnel problem is intended to draw one's attention to a specific issue in design/engineering ethics, and was first presented as follows:

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<blockquote><p>Tunnel Problem: You are travelling along a single lane mountain road in an <a href="Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">autonomous car</a> that is fast approaching a narrow tunnel. Just before entering the tunnel a child attempts to run across the road but trips in the center of the lane, effectively blocking the entrance to the tunnel. The car has but two options: hit and kill the child, or swerve into the wall on either side of the tunnel, thus killing you. How should the car react?<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Similar thought experiments have been brought forth by other philosophers focusing on the topic of autonomous cars.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The premise of these thought experiments is that even with highly sophisticated self-driving-car technologies, the cars will face situations where harm cannot be avoided.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div>

<p>The tunnel problem is meant to focus one's attention on two questions that it raises for designers and users of autonomous cars:

</p>

<ol><li>How should the car react?</li>

<li>Who should decide how the car reacts?</li></ol>

<p>In its original formulation, the tunnel problem is discussed as an "end-of-life" decision for the passenger of the car: depending on the way the car reacts, the passenger either lives or dies. Because of that feature, Millar argues that the tunnel problem forces us to question whether designers/engineers have the legitimate moral authority to make the decision on behalf of autonomous car users. Indeed, the second question is meant to challenge the standard notion that all design decisions are just technical in nature. Where design features provide "material answers to moral questions"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the use context, Millar argues that designers must find ways to incorporate user preferences in order to avoid unjustifiable paternalistic relationships between technology and the user.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Because the tunnel problem focuses on ethical design issues in semi-autonomous technologies, it is considered a problem in <a href="Roboethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roboethics">roboethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_response">Public response</h2></div>

<p><a href="Roger_Crisp" title="Roger Crisp">Roger Crisp</a> featured the tunnel problem on the Oxford University Practical Ethics blog. The entry contains a critique of the problem as presented by Millar.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The tunnel problem was the focus of a poll conducted by the Open Roboethics Initiative (ORi). In response, 64% of participants said the car should continue straight and kill the child, while 36% said it should swerve and kill the passenger. In addition, 48% of respondents reported that the decision was "easy", while 28% and 24% claimed it was "moderately difficult" and "difficult" respectively. When asked who should make the decision, only 12% felt the designer/manufacturer should make it, 44% felt the passenger should make it, and 33% thought it should be left to lawmakers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMillar2014" class="citation web cs1">Millar, Jason (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robohub.org/an-ethical-dilemma-when-robot-cars-must-kill-who-should-pick-the-victim/">"An ethical dilemma: When robot cars must kill, who should pick the victim? - Robohub"</a>. <i>robohub.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLin" class="citation magazine cs1">Lin, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/05/the-robot-car-of-tomorrow-might-just-be-programmed-to-hit-you/">"The Robot Car of Tomorrow May Just Be Programmed to Hit You"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robots.law.miami.edu/2014/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Proxy-Prudence-Rethinking-Models__-of-Responsibility-for-Semi-autonomous-Robots-Millar.pdf">"Proxy Prudence: Rethinking Models of Responsibility for Semi-autonomous Robots"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Miami School of Law</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.miami.edu/webcast/video.php?location=depatments&stream=20140404_WeRobot_Part3.mp4&width=480&height=270&page=">"Untitled Video - University of Miami School of Law"</a>. <i>www.law.miami.edu</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625054846/http://ubyssey.ca/news/ubc-researchers-are-looking-to-open-up-dialogue-surrounding-public-opinion-on-driverless-cars-323/">"UBC researchers hope to open up dialogue on driverless cars | the Ubyssey, UBC's official student newspaper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ubyssey.ca/news/ubc-researchers-are-looking-to-open-up-dialogue-surrounding-public-opinion-on-driverless-cars-323/">the original</a> on 2014-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/07/the-tunnel-problem/">"The Tunnel Problem - Practical Ethics"</a>. <i>blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk</i>. 22 July 2015.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robohub.org/if-a-death-by-an-autonomous-car-is-unavoidable-who-should-die-results-from-our-reader-poll/">"If death by autonomous car is unavoidable, who should die? Reader poll results - Robohub"</a>. <i>robohub.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robohub.org/my-autonomous-car-my-safety-results-from-our-reader-poll/">"My (autonomous) car, my safety: Results from our reader poll - Robohub"</a>. <i>robohub.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

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